Marijuana Effects, Medical Uses Legalization.Botanical name Cannabis sativa.Other common names weed, pot, herb, bud, dope, spliff, reefer, grass, ganja, 4.Mary Jane, gangster, boom, skunk.There are over 2.What is Marijuana Marijuana is a green, brown or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa.Marijuana is used as a psychoactive i.Sinsemilla, hashhashish resinous form and hash oil sticky black liquid are stronger forms of marijuana.How does Marijuana work The main active chemical in marijuana is THC delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol.It is a psychoactive ingredient.The highest concentrations of THC are found in the leaves and flowers.When marijuana smoke is inhaled, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream and is carried to the brain and other organs throughout the body.THC from the marijuana acts on specific receptors in the brain, called cannabinoid receptors, starting off a chain of cellular reactions that finally lead to the euphoria, or high that users experience.Certain areas in the brain, such as the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex, have a higher concentration of cannabinoid receptors.These areas influence memory, concentration, pleasure, coordination, sensory and time perception.Therefore these functions are most adversely affected by marijuana use.We review the effects of maternal cocaine use on the developing human fetus and infant in terms of methodological problems the physiological action of cocaine on.Effects Of Crack And Heroin On Fetus At 20' title='Effects Of Crack And Heroin On Fetus At 20' />Marijuanas strength is correlated to the amount of THC it contains and the effects on the user depend on the strength or potency of the THC.The THC content in marijuana has been increasing since the 1.For the year 2. 00.THC on average. There are many other chemicals found in marijuana, many of which may adversely affect health.Marijuana contains over 6.THC, including cannabidiol, cannabinol, and caryophyllene.Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette called a joint or a nail or in a pipe or bong.In recent years, it has appeared in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, often in combination with another drug, such as crack.The blunts retain tobacco leaf used to wrap the cigar and therefore it combines marijuanas active ingredients with nicotine and other harmful chemicals.Some users also mix marijuana into food or use it to brew tea.Medicinal use of THC.In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act CSA of 1.Schedule I substance, which has no approved medical use and has high potential for abuse.However, many US states have legalized the use of marijuana for medical andor recreational use.Prescription medicines containing synthetic cannabinoids THC are already available.Marinol dronabinol Classified as Schedule IIICesamet nabilone Classified as Schedule II.Both medications are used to treat chemotherapy patients who have nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.However, Marinol is also approved to treat HIV patients with cachexia weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue and loss of appetite.Studies have also been done which show that THC and cannabidiol CBD provide therapeutic benefit for Multiple Sclerosis MS spasticity symptoms.In Canada, Europe, the UK, Spain, Germany, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Sweden, and New Zealand, Sativex, an oral sublingual spray, is available for adjunctive use in MS neuropathic pain and cancer related pain.Sativex is composed of plant derived extracts of THC and cannabidiol, not synthetic cannabinoids.In 2. 01. 3, Sativex was in Phase II and III clinical trials for US approval for use in MS spasticity and cancer pain, and has the adopted generic name of nabiximols.Dronabinol has also been used in Europe for treatment of MS related pain.Marijuana has also been used for glaucoma to lower intraocular pressure IOP, but research does not show that marijuana has a better effect than currently approved glaucoma medications.Studies have shown that smoked, oral or IV use may have an effect on lowering IOP, but topically applied marijuana derivatives to the eye did not have an effect.Marijuana is not FDA approved for use in glaucoma, and may lead to other side effects such as increased heart rate and lowered blood pressure.However, in some US states, marijuana is used for glaucoma under medical marijuana programs.Extent of Marijuana Use.In January 2. 01.National Institute on Drug Abuse as being the most widely used illicit drug in the U.S. Globally, between 1.In North America, 2.According to the 2.National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH, marijuana was used by 7.Data indicate that in 2.United States. Only opiates have a higher admission rate among abused substances.Marijuana admissions were primarily male 7.Starting marijuana by age 1.According to the 2.National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2.Americans aged 1.Close to 5. 8 percent of the 2.Among all youths aged 1.The 2. 01. 2 Monitoring the Future survey indicates that marijuana use among 8th, 1.Daily marijuana use increased significantly in all three grades in 2.These trends increased slightly in the higher grades in 2.Perceived risk and individual disapproval of marijuana is a leading indicator of marijuana use among teens in the U.S. In all grades in 2.In 2. 01. 2, 3. 7 of 8th graders, 6.It thus seems clear that marijuana has remained highly accessible to the older teens.Effects during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding.Any drug of abuse can affect a mothers health.THC can cross the placenta so there is potential for problems in the fetus.THC can depress the fetal heart rates and change fetal brain wave electrical patterns.Studies have found that babies born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were smaller than those born to mothers who did not use the drug.In general, smaller babies are more likely to develop health problems.Tests given to children at 4.Babies born to adolescents who used marijuana during pregnancy have also shown adverse effects on the neurological behavior of the newborns in the first 2.A nursing mother who uses marijuana passes some of the THC to the baby in her breast milk.Research indicates that use by a mother during the first month of breast feeding can impair the infants motor development.Pregnant and nursing women should avoid marijuana use.Marijuana side effects.What are the short term side effects of Marijuana useSide effects of marijuana use will be variable from person to person, depending upon strength and amount of marijuana used and if the user is occasionally or chronically exposed to THC.The short term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning distorted perception sights, sounds, time, touch difficulty in thinking and problem solving loss of coordination and motor skills increased heart rate, anxiety, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth.Reaction time may be impaired while driving.Panic attacks, paranoia and psychosis may occur acutely and be more common in psychiatric patients.For chronic users, the impact on memory and learning can last for days or weeks after its acute effects wear off.Marijuana may be cut on the street with more dangerous substances that may lead to more serious side effects.THC in marijuana is strongly absorbed by fatty tissues in various organs.Generally, traces of THC can be detected by standard urine testing methods several days after a smoking session.In heavy chronic users, traces can sometimes be detected for weeks after they have stopped using marijuana.What are the long term side effects of Marijuana use People who smoke marijuana often have the same respiratory problems as cigarette smokers.These individuals may have daily cough and phlegm, symptoms of chronic bronchitis, and more frequent chest colds.They are also at greater risk of getting lung infections like pneumonia.Marijuana contains some of the same, and sometimes even more, of the cancer causing chemicals found in cigarette smoke.A study from 2. 00.When people smoke marijuana for years they can suffer negative consequences.For example, because marijuana affects brain function, the ability to do complex tasks could be compromised, as well as the pursuit of academic, athletic, or other life goals that require you to be 1.Long term abuse of marijuana may lead to addiction.Marijuana also may affect mental health.Effects of cocaine exposure on infant development A review.Zuckerman, B., Frank, D.A., Hingson, R., Amaro, H., Levenson, S.M., Kayne, H., Parker, S., Vinci, R., Aboagye, K., Fried, L.E., Cabral, H., Timperi, R., Bauchner, H.Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth.New England Journal of Medicine, 3. 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